The Complete Guide to Unjust Dismissal

When most people think about losing a job in Canada, they think about “wrongful dismissal.” But if you work for a bank, airline, telecommunications company, or another federally regulated employer, a different and often more powerful set of protections may apply to you: unjust dismissal under the Canada Labour Code.

This guide breaks down what unjust dismissal means, who it protects, what can count as a dismissal, including constructive dismissal, the exceptions employers rely on, and what remedies are available if you believe you have been unjustly dismissed.

Whether you are dealing with a federally regulated employer or a typical Alberta workplace, understanding your rights after a termination is the first step toward protecting them. The Calgary employment lawyers at Cashion Legal help employees and employers throughout Calgary and Alberta navigate dismissal, severance, and workplace disputes.

If you have recently lost your job and are unsure what protections apply to you, Book a case evaluation today.

What is Unjust Dismissal

Unjust dismissal is a legal claim available to non-unionized employees who work for federally regulated employers. It is set out in Part III of the Canada Labour Code and gives eligible employees the right to challenge a termination before the Canada Industrial Relations Board, the body that hears these complaints.

Unlike a typical wrongful dismissal claim brought in the courts, an unjust dismissal complaint can result in reinstatement, meaning the employee can get their job back. Courts hearing ordinary wrongful dismissal cases do not have that power.

Unjust Dismissal vs. Wrongful Dismissal

These two terms sound similar but work very differently in practice.

Wrongful Dismissal

Wrongful dismissal is a common law claim available to most employees in Alberta and across Canada. Under this approach, an employer can end the employment relationship for almost any reason, provided they give reasonable notice or pay in lieu of notice. The employer does not need a good reason, only enough notice.

Learn more about wrongful dismissal here.

Unjust Dismissal

Unjust dismissal works differently. If an employee qualifies for these protections, the employer generally cannot simply terminate without cause and pay them out. The employer must show “just cause,” meaning a real and legitimate business reason for the termination, not personal disputes or convenience. Without just cause, a termination can be found unjust, even if the employer paid statutory notice or severance.

Who Is Protected Under the Unjust Dismissal Rules?

Not every employee in Canada can bring an unjust dismissal complaint. To qualify, a person generally must meet a number of conditions, including that they:

• Work for a federally regulated employer, such as a bank, airline, railway, telecommunications company, or interprovincial trucking business.
• Are an employee rather than an independent contractor (dependent contractors may also qualify).
• Were actually dismissed, as opposed to having voluntarily resigned.
• Are not covered by a union collective agreement.
• Have no other available procedure for redress, such as a human rights complaint dealing with the same issue.
• Are not considered a “manager” under the Code.
• Had at least 12 consecutive months of service with the same employer before the dismissal.
• Were not laid off due to a genuine lack of work or the discontinuance of their job function.

If one of these requirements is not met, the Canada Industrial Relations Board will not have jurisdiction to hear the complaint. Two of the most heavily contested exceptions, the managerial exception and the lack-of-work exemption, are explained in more detail below.

The Managerial Exception

Employees who are considered “managers” under the Code do not qualify for unjust dismissal protection. The reasoning is that managers generally already have enough authority and influence within the organization that they do not need this additional layer of statutory protection.

How “Manager” Is Defined

There is no precise statutory definition of “manager” for these purposes, so adjudicators apply a two-part test. First, the employee must be engaged in administering the employer’s affairs, rather than simply carrying them out. Second, the employee must have real independent authority, autonomy, and discretion over a significant range of matters within their area of responsibility.

What Factors Are Considered

A job title alone is not enough to make someone a manager. Adjudicators look past titles and contract language to the actual day-to-day duties of the role, including:

• Whether the duties are administrative rather than operational in nature.
• Whether the employee has genuine independence in decision-making, regardless of their level in the organization.
• Whether the employee controls other workers, rather than simply supervising their work.
• Whether the employee actually makes decisions that affect the business, or mainly passes along recommendations to the real decision-makers.
• Whether the employee holds meaningful managerial powers, such as the authority to hire, discipline, or terminate others, whether or not that authority has ever been used.

The employer carries the burden of proving that an employee falls within the managerial exception.

What Counts as a Dismissal?

A dismissal is not always as obvious as simply being told the employment is ending.

Situations That Count as a Dismissal

• Constructive dismissal, where the employer makes a fundamental change to the job that effectively forces the employee out.
• The early termination of a fixed-term contract before its scheduled end date.
• A layoff that does not fall within the narrow exemptions set out in the regulations.

Situations That Generally Do Not Count

A genuine resignation, the simple expiry of a fixed-term contract, or a contract ended through frustration generally will not count as a dismissal for these purposes.

Constructive Dismissal Under the Code

Constructive dismissal does not require an employer to say the words “you’re fired.” It can happen when an employer unilaterally and fundamentally changes a core term of someone’s employment, leaving the employee with little real choice but to walk away.

How the Board Assesses Constructive Dismissal

The Canada Industrial Relations Board generally applies the same constructive dismissal principles used in the courts. The central question is whether there was a material change to the terms and conditions of employment significant enough that the employee’s decision to reject the change, and treat the employment relationship as over, was a reasonable response in the circumstances.

Importantly, the analysis under the Code is not limited to whether the employer’s conduct technically breached the employment contract. Adjudicators are also permitted to look at the broader fairness of the employer’s actions toward the employee, which can mean a finding of unjust dismissal even in situations that might not meet the strict definition of constructive dismissal at common law.

Common Examples of Constructive Dismissal

• Converting a full-time employee into a contract or casual worker with no guaranteed hours or income.
• Moving an employee into a significantly less desirable role, shift, or schedule without a legitimate business reason.
• Making vague or unsubstantiated performance allegations against an employee as a pretext for changing their position.
• Subjecting an employee to a toxic or poisoned work environment, harassment, or conduct motivated by bad faith.
• Altering an employee’s duties so significantly that the new role falls outside the scope of the position they were originally hired to do.

Can your employer force you to relocate?

When a Change Is Not a Constructive Dismissal

Not every workplace change will support a constructive dismissal claim. An employer is generally allowed to reassign or even demote an employee for legitimate, documented performance reasons without that decision automatically amounting to a constructive dismissal. Similarly, denying a request for medical accommodation will not necessarily be treated as a constructive dismissal on its own, particularly where the employee did not cooperate in the accommodation process.

Proving a Toxic or Poisoned Workplace

Claims based on a toxic or poisoned work environment require more than the employee’s personal feelings about how they were treated. There must be objective evidence of serious wrongful conduct, evidence that would lead a reasonable outside observer to conclude that a poisoned environment existed. A genuinely held but purely subjective belief is not enough on its own.

Who Has to Prove What

An employee bringing a constructive dismissal claim has the initial burden of proving, on a balance of probabilities, that a constructive dismissal occurred. Once that is established, the burden shifts to the employer to show that the dismissal was nonetheless justified.

There is also a mitigation angle that surprises many employees. Even after being constructively dismissed, an employee may sometimes be expected to continue working in the new position while they look for other employment, unless turning it down was an objectively reasonable response. The burden falls on the employer to show that the employee’s refusal to accept the changed role was unreasonable.

Learn more about constructive dismissal here.

The Lack-of-Work Exemption

Employers can also avoid unjust dismissal liability where a layoff genuinely results from a lack of work or the discontinuance of a job function. This is one of the most commonly raised, and most heavily scrutinized, defences employers rely on.

What the Employer Must Show

To rely on this exemption, the employer must establish two things. First, there must be a real economic or operational justification for reducing the workforce. Second, the employer must provide a reasonable explanation for why this particular employee, rather than someone else, was selected for layoff. The burden of proving both elements rests with the employer throughout the case.

Signs the Layoff May Not Be Genuine

Even once an employer establishes both elements, the employee can still succeed by showing the layoff was a sham used to mask the employer’s real motive for ending the employment relationship. Circumstances that can undermine a layoff defence include:

• A replacement is hired into essentially the same role shortly before or after the employee’s termination.
• The employee’s position is eliminated while the employer simultaneously creates new positions or brings in outside contractors to do similar work.
• The stated reason for termination changes after the fact, such as switching from cause to layoff.
• The employer never looked into what the position actually involved before eliminating it.
• A vacancy reopens in the employee’s old position within a reasonably short time after the layoff.

If a layoff is mixed with disciplinary motives, or appears to be a cover for some other reason, the exemption generally will not apply.

The Complaint Process

An employee who believes they were unjustly dismissed needs to act quickly. A complaint must be filed within 90 days of the dismissal. Missing this deadline can be fatal to the claim, unless the Minister of Labour agrees to extend it in limited circumstances.

Once a complaint is filed, an inspector reviews it, may request a written statement of reasons from the employer, and attempts to help the parties reach a settlement through mediation. If no settlement is reached, the matter proceeds to the Canada Industrial Relations Board for a hearing, where both sides present evidence and arguments before a decision is made.

What Remedies Are Available?

This is where unjust dismissal claims can look very different from a typical severance negotiation. If the Canada Industrial Relations Board finds the dismissal was unjust, it has broad authority to fashion a remedy that fits the circumstances.

Reinstatement

The board can order the employee reinstated into their former position, something a court hearing a wrongful dismissal case cannot do. Reinstatement is not automatic, however. The board weighs factors such as whether the relationship of trust between the parties has broken down beyond repair, and whether reinstatement is realistic given everything that happened.

Compensation for Lost Income

Where reinstatement is not ordered, or in addition to it, the board can award compensation for lost wages and benefits. This award is generally based on the assumption that the employee would have remained in the role for some time, adjusted for factors such as age, tenure, and the likely time it will take to find comparable work. As with most employment claims, the employee is expected to make reasonable efforts to mitigate their losses by looking for new employment.

Damages Beyond Lost Wages

The board’s remedial powers go further than simply replacing lost income. It can award damages connected to bad faith, callous, or unreasonable conduct by the employer that harmed the employee’s dignity, sometimes described as moral or aggravated damages. It can also award punitive damages where the employer’s conduct was particularly reprehensible, and additional damages for the loss of the employee’s position where reinstatement is not ordered and the employer’s conduct made reinstatement impractical.

Costs and Interest

A successful employee may also be awarded a contribution toward their legal costs, along with interest on the amounts owed for the period before and after the decision is issued. Receiving statutory termination pay or severance does not prevent any of these remedies, and it does not stop the board from ordering reinstatement or further compensation on top of what was already paid.

Why This Distinction Matters

Many employees assume that being paid out their statutory minimums, or a standard severance package, marks the end of the story. For employees of federally regulated employers, that is not necessarily true. The unjust dismissal framework can offer a stronger remedy than a court could ever order in a wrongful dismissal case, up to and including getting your job back.

Because eligibility depends on a careful review of your employer’s industry, your role, your length of service, and the circumstances surrounding your departure, it is worth having an employment lawyer assess your situation before assuming your only option is to accept a severance offer.

Estimate your severance entitlement

Talk to an Employment Lawyer

Whether you are dealing with a federally regulated employer or a typical Alberta workplace, understanding your rights after a termination is the first step toward protecting them. The Calgary employment lawyers at Cashion Legal help employees and employers throughout Calgary and Alberta navigate dismissal, severance, and workplace disputes.

If you have recently lost your job and are unsure what protections apply to you, Book a case evaluation today.

FAQs

List of Federally Regulated Employers

• A.J. Bus Lines Ltd.
• A.S.P. Incorporated
• Aboriginal Peoples Television Network
• Acadia Broadcasting Limited
• Access Communications Co-operative Limited
• ADM Agri-Industries Ltd.
• Administration portuaire de Montréal
• Administration portuaire de Québec
• Aéroport de Québec Inc.
• Aéroports de Montréal
• Aevitas Inc.
• Agri-Marché Inc.
• Agris Co-operative Ltd.
• Air Canada
• Air Canada Rouge LP
• Air Creebec Inc.
• Air Inuit Ltd/Ltée
• Air North Charter & Training Ltd.
• Air Spray (1967) Ltd.
• Air Tindi Ltd
• Air Transat Inc.
• Airbus Helicopters Canada Limited
• Airport Terminal Services Canadian Co.
• AirSprint Inc.
• AJW Technique Inc.
• Algoma Central Corporation
• All-Can Express
• Alliance Grain Terminal Ltd.
• Alliance Pulse Processors Inc.
• Allstream Business Inc.
• Alpine Aerotech LP
• Alpine Helicopters Inc.
• AltaGas Ltd.
• Altimas Courier (2006) Limited
• American Airlines, Inc.
• Amex Bank of Canada
• Andy Transport Inc.
• Apex Motor Express Inc.
• Apps Cargo Terminals Inc.
• Arcfield Canada Corp.
• Archipelago Marine Research
• Ardent Mills
• Armour Transport Inc.
• Arnold Bros. Transport Ltd.
• ASL Distribution Services Ltd.
• Association des employeurs maritimes
• AT&T Global Services Canada Co.
• Atco Structures & Logistics
• ATI Telecom International Co.
• Atlantic Pilotage Authority
• Atlantic Towing Limited
• ATS Andlauer Transportation Services LP.
• ATS Services Ltd.
• Autobus Campeau Inc.
• Avena Foods Limited
• Avianor Inc.
• Avmax Aviation Services Inc.
• Ayr Motor Express Inc.
• B&R Eckel’s Transport Ltd.
• Badder Bus Operations, Limited
• Bandstra Transportation Systems Ltd
• Bank of America National Association, Canada Branch
• Bank of Canada
• Bank of China (Canada)
• Bank of Montreal
• Banque Laurentienne du Canada
• Banque Nationale du Canada
• Bay Ferries Limited
• Beanfield Technologies Inc.
• Bell Canada
• Bell Solutions Techniques Inc.
• Best Theratronics Ltd
• Big Freight Systems Inc.
• Bison Transport Inc.
• Blackburn Media Inc.
• Blue Ant Media Inc.
• BNP Paribas (Canada)
• Bradley Air Services Limited
• Bragg Communications
• Brett-Young Seeds Limited Partnership
• Brian Kurtz Trucking Ltd.
• Bridgewater Bank
• Brink’s Canada Limited
• British Columbia Maritime Employers Association
• Bruce Power LP
• Bulk Carriers (P.E.I.) Limited
• Business Development Bank of Canada
• BWXT Nuclear Energy Canada Inc./ BWXT Medical Ltd.
• C.A.T. Inc.
• CAE Military Aviation Training Inc.
• Caisse Populaire Acadienne Ltee.
• Calm Air International LP
• Cam-Scott Transport Ltd.
• Cameco Corporation
• Can-West Corporate Air Charters Ltd.
• Canada Council for the Arts
• Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation
• Canada Infrastructure Bank | Banque de l’infrastructure du Canada
• Canada Malting Company LTD.
• Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
• Canada Pension Plan Investment Board
• Canada Post Corporation
• Canadian Air Transport Security Authority
• Canadian Broadcasting Corporation / Société Radio-Canada
• Canadian Commercial Corporation
• Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
• Canadian Light Source Inc.
• Canadian Museum for Human Rights
• Canadian Museum of History
• Canadian Museum of Nature
• Canadian National Railway Company
• Canadian Network Installations
• Canadian Nuclear Laboratories
• Canadian Pacific Railway Limited
• Canadian Payments Association
• Canadian Tire Bank
• Canadian Tourism Commission
• Canadian Western Bank
• Cancrew Enterprises Ltd.
• Candu Energy Inc.
• Canlink Aviation Inc.
• Canpar Express Inc.
• Capital One Bank (Canada Branch)
• Cardinal Couriers Ltd.
• Cargair Ltd.
• Cargill Limited
• Cargo Airport Services Canada Inc.
• CargoJet Airways Ltd.
• Cariboo Central Railroad Contracting Ltd.
• Caron Transportation Systems Partnership
• Cascade Aerospace Inc.
• Cascade Energy Services LP
• Cassens Transport ULC
• Cassidy’s Transfer & Storage Limited
• Cathay Pacific Airways Limited
• Cavalier Transportation Services Inc.
• Central Mountain Air Ltd.
• Central Transport, Inc.
• CEVA Freight Canada Corp.
• CEVA Logistics Canada, ULC
• Challenger Motor Freight Inc.
• Chartright Air Inc.
• CHC Helicopter Group of Companies
• Chemin de fer QNS&L
• Chit Chats Express Inc.
• Citibank Canada
• City of Ottawa
• Clean Harbors Canada Inc.
• Coach Atlantic Transportation Group Inc.
• Coast Capital Savings Federal Credit Union
• Coastal Pacific Xpress Inc.
• Cogeco Connexion Inc.
• Cogeco Média Acquisitions Inc.
• Colispro Inc.
• Commercial Logistics Inc.
• Comwave Networks Inc.
• Conair Group, Inc.
• Concentra Bank
• Connors Transfer Limited
• Consolidated Fastfrate Inc.
• Contrans Corp.
• Corporation de sécurité GardaWorld
• Corporation des Pilotes du Saint-Laurent Central Inc.
• Corporation du Fort St-Jean
• Corus Entertainment Inc.
• Cougar Helicopters Inc.
• Coulson Aircrane Ltd.
• Custom Helicopters Ltd.
• CWS Logistics Ltd.
• D.C.T. Chambers Trucking Ltd.
• D&W Forwarders Inc.
• Dan Foss Industries Ltd.
• Day & Ross Inc.
• Defence Construction (1951) Ltd.
• Delta Air Lines, Inc.
• Déménagements Tremblay Express Ltée.
• Denny Bus Lines Ltd.
• DependableIT Group Inc.
• Desgagnés Marine Cargo Inc.
• Deva Jatt-Transport Ltd.
• DHL Express (Canada), Ltd.
• Distributel Communications Limited
• DP World (Canada) Inc
• DP World Fraser Surrey Limited Partnership
• DP World Prince Rupert Inc.
• Dufferin Communications Inc.
• Eagle Copters Maintenance Ltd.
• Earl Paddock Transportation
• Eassons Transport Ltd
• Ebox Inc.
• Edmonton Regional Airports Authority
• Elgin Motor Freight Inc.
• Enbridge Employee Services Canada Inc.
• Encepta Corporation
• Envoy Air Inc.
• Equitable Bank
• Erb Enterprises Inc.
• Execaire, a division of IMP Group
• Execulink Telecom Inc.
• Executive Flight Centre Group Ltd.
• Expertech Network Installation Inc./Expertech Bâtisseur de reseaux Inc
• Export Development Canada
• Fairchild Radio Group Ltd.
• Fairchild Television Ltd.
• Farm Credit Canada
• Federal Express Canada Corporation
• Fedex Freight Canada Corp.
• FedEx Ground Package System, Ltd.
• Fednav Limited
• Field Aviation Company Inc.
• First Canada ULC
• First Team Transport Inc.
• Flair Airlines Ltd.
• Floradale Feed Mill Limited
• Fluid Pro Oilfield Services Ltd.
• Flying Colours Corp
• Forbes Hewlet Transport Inc.
• Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation
• G. Zavitz Limited
• G3 Canada Limited
• Gardewine Group Limited Partnership
• GCT Canada Limited Partnership
• Gestion Tforce Inc.
• Gilbert M. Rioux et Fils Ltée.
• GLS Logistics Systems Canada Ltd
• Golden West Broadcasting Ltd.
• Grace Transport Inc.
• Grain Millers Canada Corp.
• Grand Valley Fortifiers Limited
• Great Canadian Railtour Company
• Great Slave Helicopters Ltd.
• Greater Toronto Airports Authority
• Grimshaw Trucking L.P.
• Groupe Guilbault Ltée
• Groupe Maskatel LP
• Groupe Robert
• Groupe Stingray Inc.
• Groupe Transport Morneau Inc.
• Groupe Transteck Inc.
• Groupe TVA Inc.
• Groupe Tyt Inc.
• GTAdnata World Cargo Ltd
• H2OIL Energy Inc.
• Halifax Employers Association
• Halifax International Airport Authority
• Hallcon Crew Transport Inc.
• Hammond Transportation
• Hapag-Lloyd (Canada) Inc
• Harbour Air Terminal Services Ltd.
• Harvard Broadcasting Inc.
• Haventree Bank
• Hélicoptères Canadiens Limitée/Canadian Helicopters Limited
• Helijet International Inc.
• Hensall District Co-operative Inc.
• Hercules Forwarding, ULC
• Hi-Way 9 Express Ltd.
• Highland Moving and Storage Ltd.
• Highlight Motor Freight Inc.
• HomeEquity Bank
• Horizon Maritime Services Limited
• HSBC Bank Canada
• Hudbay Minerals Inc.
• Hudson Bay Railway Company
• Hunter Express Ltd.
• Hutton Transport Limited
• ICICI Bank Canada
• IMP Group Limited – Aerospace Division
• Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Canada)
• Information Communication Services
• Inland Technologies Canada Incorporated
• Inmarsat Solutions (Canada) Inc.
• Innotech Aviation, a division of IMP Group Limited
• Instech Télécommunication Inc.
• Intek Communications Inc.
• Intelcom Courrier Canada Inc.
• International Air Transport Association
• International Development Research Centre
• J & R Hall Transport Inc.
• J. & T. Murphy Limited
• J.D.A. Ventures Ltd.
• Jack Cooper Canada 1 Inc.
• Jade Transport Ltd.
• Jay’s Transportation Group Ltd.
• Jazz Aviation L.P.
• Jet Transport Ltd.
• Jim Pattison Industries Ltd.
• Jobs Training Centre Inc.
• Jones Feed Mills Limited
• JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
• KEB Hana Bank Canada
• Keewatin Air LP
• Kelowna Flightcraft Group of Companies
• Kelsey Trail Trucking Ltd.
• Keltic Transportation Incorporated
• Kenn Borek Air Ltd.
• Keystone Western Inc.
• Kindersley Transport Ltd.
• Kleysen Group Ltd.
• Kriska Holdings Ltd.
• L. Hansen’s Forwarding Ltd.
• L. Simard Transport Ltée
• L3Harris MAPPS
• Lakehead Freightways Inc.
• Le Groupe Océan Inc.
• Les Distributions Carl Beaulac Inc.
• Les Investissements Nolinor Inc.
• Les Services Jag Inc.
• Light Speed Logistics Inc.
• Linamar Transportation Inc.
• Link-on Communications Inc.
• Lockheed Martin Commercial Engine Solutions
• Logistec Arrimage Inc. /Logistec Stevedoring Inc
• Logistec Corporation
• Longview Aviation Services Inc.
• Louis Dreyfus Company Canada ULC
• Lower Lakes Towing Ltd.
• LTS Solutions Ltd, Summit Air Ltd, and Ledcor Maintenance Services Ltd.
• Maersk Supply Service Canada Ltd.
• Manulife Bank of Canada
• Marine Atlantic Inc.
• Masterfeeds Inc.
• MBW Courier Inc.
• McClay Group Ltd.
• McKeil Marine Limited
• McKevitt Trucking Limited
• MCL McGill Carriers Ltd.
• Mediterranean Shipping Company (Canada) Inc.
• MEDLOG Canada
• Menzies Aviation (Canada) Ltd.
• Midland Transport Limited
• Minimax Express Transportation Inc.
• Montreal Gateway Terminals Partnership
• Montship Inc.
• Morningstar Air Express Inc.
• MTU Maintenance Canada
• MUFG Bank, Ltd., Canada Branch
• Mullen Oilfield Services L.P.
• Mullen Trucking Corp.
• Multiboard Communications Inc.
• Mustang Freightways Ltd.
• National Arts Centre Corporation
• National Capital Commission
• National Gallery of Canada
• National Museum of Science and Technology / Musée national des sciences et de la technologie
• Nav Canada
• Navigation Madeleine Inc.
• Neptune Bulk Terminals (Canada) Ltd.
• New Hope Transport Ltd.
• New-Way Trucking Ltd.
• Nishan Transport Inc.
• Nordion (Canada) Inc.
• Normandin Transit Inc.
• North Cariboo Flying Services Ltd.
• North Star Air Ltd.
• Northern Communications Services Inc.
• Northern Mat & Bridge Limited Partnership
• Northstar Frontier Services Inc.
• Northumberland Ferries Limited
• Northwestel Inc.
• Nuclear Waste Management Organization
• Oceanex Inc.
• Oculus Transport Ltd.
• Office d’investissement des régimes de pensions du secteur public
• Offshore Recruiting Services Inc.
• Ontario Northland Transportation Commission
• Ontario Power Generation
• Orano Canada Inc.
• Ornge Global Air Inc.
• Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport Authority
• Ottaway
• Overland West Freight Lines Limited
• Pacific Coastal Airlines Ltd.
• Papineau Int. S.E.C. (Transport Papineau International)
• Parrish & Heimbecker, Limited
• Paterson GlobalFoods Inc.
• Paul’s Hauling Ltd.
• Pelmorex Corp.
• Penske Logistics LLC
• Perimeter Aviation LP
• Pioneer Hi-Bred Production Company
• Polaris Transport Carriers Inc.
• Pole Star Transport Incorporated
• Polymer Distribution Inc.
• Portage Transport Inc.
• Porter Airlines Inc.
• Premier Aviation Quebec inc.
• Presidents Choice Bank
• Pride Group Logistics Ltd.
• Primeflight Aviation Services Canada, Inc.
• Prince Rupert Grain Ltd.
• Pro-Formance Intermodal Inc.
• Propair Inc.
• Provincial Aerospace Ltd.
• Purolator Inc.
• Q-Line Trucking<br
• QSL Canada inc
• QSL International inc.
• Radio-Onde Inc.
• Rawlco Radio Ltd.
• Richardson International Limited
• RIG Logistics Inc.
• Rio Tinto Alcan, Installations Portuaires
• RNC Media Inc.
• Rogers Communications Inc.
• Rogers Foods Ltd.
• Rosedale Transport Limited
• Rosenau Transport Ltd.
• Roxborough Bus Lines Limited
• Royal Bank of Canada
• Ryder Supply Chain Solutions Canada ULC / Solutions de chaine d’apprivisionnement Ryder Canada SRI
• S.G.T. 2000 Inc.
• Sander Geophysics Limited
• Sanimax EEI Inc.
• Scamp Transport Ltd.
• Scoular Canada Ltd.
• Seaboard Liquid Carriers Limited
• Seafood Express (P.E.I.) Limited
• Searcy Trucking Ltd.
• Seaspan ULC
• Seawatch Inc
• Securiguard Services Ltd.
• Securitas Transport Aviation Security Ltd.
• Sentrex Communications Co.
• Serco Canada Inc.
• Service Trans-West Inc.
• Services d’aéronefs AAR Trois-Rivières – ULC
• Shaw Communications Inc.
• Shinhan Bank Canada
• Shoreland Transport Inc.
• Sirius XM Canada Inc.
• SITA Information Networking Computing Canada Inc.
• Skyservice Aviation Inc. and Sky Service F.B.O. Inc.
• Société Air France
• Société de transport de l’Outaouais
• Société du Vieux-Port de Montréal inc.
• Sogetel inc.
• Sollio Agriculture
• Spearing Service L.P.
• Speedy Transport Group Inc.
• Sperry Rail Canada Limited
• Standard Aero Ltd.
• Standards Council of Canada
• State Street Bank & Trust Company – Canada Branch
• Steve’s Livestock Transportation (Blumenort) Ltd
• Stingray Radio Inc.
• Strategic Aviation Services Ltd.
• Stryder Motorfreight Canada Ltd.
• Sunbury Transport Limited
• Sundown Oilfield Services Ltd.
• Sunwest Aviation Ltd.
• Sunwing Airlines Inc.
• Sutco Contracting Ltd.
• Swoop Inc.
• Sylvite Agri-Services Ltd.
• Symcor Inc.
• Syndicate Transport Ltd.
• Systèmes Danfreight inc.
• Systemex Communications (S.C.) Inc.
• Tata Communications (Canada) Ltd.
• TBayTel
• Tecnickrome Aeronautique Inc.
• TekSavvy Solutions Inc.
• Téléfilm Canada
• Telesat Canada
• TELUS Communications Company
• Tenold Transportation Ltd.
• TeraGo Networks Inc.
• TFI Transport 1 Inc.
• TFI Transport 11 Inc. (Transport Besner)
• TForce Freight Canada
• TForce Logistics Canada Inc
• The Andersons Canada Limited
• The Bank of Nova Scotia
• The Calgary Airport Authority
• The CSL Group Inc.
• The Jacques Cartier and Champlain Bridges Incorporated
• The Royal Canadian Mint
• The St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation
• The Toronto Terminals Railway Company Limited
• The Toronto-Dominion Bank
• Thunder Airlines Limited
• Tidewater Transportation Canada, Inc.
• Tier2 Technologist LTD
• Titanium Transportation Group Inc.
• Top Aces Inc.
• Toronto Port Authority
• Trans Mountain Canada Inc.
• Trans-Frt. McNamara Inc.
• Trans-Northern Pipeline Inc.
• Trans-Sol Aviation Service
• TransCanada Pipelines Limited
• Transit Logistics Solutions Inc.
• Transit Windsor
• Transport A. Laberge & Fils Inc.
• Transport Bernières inc. (groupe Bernières)
• Transport Bourret Inc.
• Transport Couture
• Transport Ease and Management Services
• Transport Gaston Nadeau Inc.
• Transport Gilmyr inc
• Transport Grayson Inc.
• Transport Guilbault Inc.
• Transport Guy Bourassa Inc.
• Transport Hervé Lemieux (1975) Inc
• Transport Inter-Nord Inc.
• Transport Jacques Auger Inc.
• Transport Jocelyn Bourdeau Inc.
• Transport LGH Inc.
• Transport N Service Inc.
• Transport Nalaco (1980) Ltee
• Transport Rivière-du-Loup
• Transport TFI 19 SEC (Durocher International)
• Transport TFI 22, S.E.C.
• Transport TFI 4 SEC
• Transport Transbo Inc.
• Transwest Air Limited Partnership (formerly West Wind Aviation LP)
• TransX Ltd.
• Trappers Transport Ltd.
• Travelers Transportation Services Inc.
• Trentway-Wagar Inc.
• Trigon Pacific Terminals Limited (AKA Ridley Terminals Inc.)
• Trimac Transportation Services Inc.
• Trouw Nutrition Canada Inc.
• TST Solutions L.P.
• UBS Bank (Canada)
• Universal Coach Line Ltd.
• UPS Canada
• Urgence Marine Environnement Inc.
• V.A. Inc.
• V.D.M. Trucking Service Ltd.
• V.T.L. Express Inc.
• Valosphère Environnement Inc.
• Van-Kam Freightways Ltd.
• Vancouver Airport Authority
• Vancouver Fraser Port Authority
• Vedder Transport Ltd.
• Verreault Navigation inc.
• Verspeeten Cartage Ltd.
• Via Rail Canada Inc.
• Vianet Inc.
• Vidéotron ltée
• Vista Radio Ltd.
• Viterra Canada Inc.
• Voyageur Aviation Corp.
• Wallenstein Feed & Supply Ltd.
• Walmart Fleet ULC
• Warren Gibson Limited
• Wasaya Airways Limited Partnership
• Wells Fargo Bank N.A., Canadian Branch
• Westcan Bulk Transport Ltd.
• Westcoast Energy Inc.
• Western Canada Mari ne Response Corporation
• Western Logistics Inc.
• Western Stevedoring Company Limited
• WestJet, an Alberta Partnership
• Westman Media Cooperative Ltd.
• Westshore Terminals Limited Partnership
• Wills Transfer Limited
• Windsor Detroit Bridge Authority – Autorité du pont Windsor-Détroit
• Wirecomm Systems (2008), Inc.
• XPO Logistics Freight Canada, Inc.
• XTL Transport Inc
• Yellowhead Helicopters Ltd.
• YRC Freight Canada Company
• YWG Inc.
• Zayo Canada Inc.
• 1266192 Ontario Limited
• 1329481 Ontario Inc.
• 14291581 Canada Inc.
• 1791949 Ontario
• 2080061 Ontario Inc.
• 2635-8762 Québec Inc.
• 2701545 Canada Inc.
• 2817055 Ontario Inc.
• 3903214 Canada Inc.
• 4Tracks Ltd.
• 591182 Ontario Ltd.
• 6422217 Canada Inc.
• 9001-6346 Quebec Inc.
• 9007-6720 Québec Inc.
• 9048-9493 Québec Inc.
• 9064-4287 Québec Inc.
• 9205-6126 Québec Inc.
• 9736140 Canada Inc.